United States
National Overview • 11 Cases • 5 Rules • 19 Incidents
I. Jurisprudence
| Date | Case Title | Summary | Tool ↓ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-01-02 | S.D. Ohio — OSC over fabricated citations (AI suspected) | The court sustained third-party defendants’ motion to dismiss and dismissed the counterclaim/third-party complaint against them wi... | Unspecified gen... |
| 2026-01-21 | 7th Cir. (US) — Pro se filing with AI-like hallucinated quotations | The Seventh Circuit addressed apparent “hallucinated” quotations attributed to real cases in a pro se appellant’s reply brief and ... | Unknown / Not D... |
| 2025-11-26 | m.d. fla. (us) — suspected ai citations: fees, cle, and bar referral | The court found that counsel filed a TRO motion containing fabricated cases, quotations not found in cited decisions, and authorit... | Unknown / Not D... |
| 2025-05-20 | s.d. fla. (us) — ai hallucinated case: fees, cle, and fines | The court found that defense counsel filed a response containing a wholly fabricated case citation that could not be located, and ... | Unknown / Not D... |
| 2025-02-24 | d. wyo. (us) — mx2.law hallucinations: pro hac vice revoked and fines | The court addressed motions in limine that cited numerous non-existent cases generated by an AI platform after counsel used an AI-... | LegalTool: mx2.... |
| 2024-11-25 | edtx (us) — claude hallucinated cases: $2,000 penalty and ai cle | The court considered whether plaintiff’s counsel should be sanctioned for filing a summary-judgment response containing AI-generat... | Claude |
| 2025-10-27 | d. or. (us) — hallucinated citation triggers rule 11 show cause | The court identified that a key authority cited to support an interim fee request was “totally fake” and described as a hallucinat... | ChatGPT (suspec... |
| 2025-05-22 | utah ct app (us) — chatgpt hallucinated petition: fees, refund, donation | The court addressed a petition for interlocutory appeal containing fabricated or inapposite authorities, including a hallucinated ... | ChatGPT |
| 2023-06-22 | sdny (us) — chatgpt hallucinated citations sanctioned | The court found that counsel filed submissions containing non-existent judicial opinions with fake quotations and citations genera... | ChatGPT |
| 2024-01-30 | 2d cir (us) — chatgpt fake citation referred to grievance panel | The court addressed counsel’s admission that she cited a non-existent state-court decision in a reply brief after relying on ChatG... | ChatGPT |
| 2026-01-05 | S.D.N.Y. — ChatGPT logs discovery order affirmed | In the consolidated OpenAI copyright litigation, the district judge denied OpenAI’s objections to two magistrate judge discovery o... | ChatGPT |
II. Regulation
| Date ↓ | Regulation Title | Summary | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-01-21 | 7th Circuit warns pro se litigants on AI-generated filing errors | Heightens practical litigation-risk management for both pro se parties and counsel by underscoring that AI-assisted drafting does ... | in force |
| 2026-01-21 | HFAC advances AI OVERWATCH Act on advanced AI chip exports | Creates near-term watch item for export-control and national security practices; if enacted, would drive advisory work on licensin... | proposed |
| 2026-01-08 | NIST RFI on security considerations for AI agent systems (Jan 2026) | Creates a near-term opportunity for legal and advisory teams to shape emerging security expectations for agentic AI. Organizations... | open for comment |
| 2026-01-06 | FDA final guidance on general wellness and low-risk devices (Jan 2026) | Requires legal and advisory teams to reassess claims, labeling, and governance for AI-enabled wellness features. Can reduce regula... | in force |
| 2026-01-06 | FDA final guidance on clinical decision support software (Jan 2026) | Materially affects product classification and regulatory strategy for AI-enabled CDS. Advisory teams should update scoping analyse... | in force |
III. Incidents
| Date ↓ | Headline | Summary | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-01-21 | 7th Circuit warns pro se litigants about AI-driven misquotes in appellate filings | The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit issued an opinion addressing concerns that a self-represented appellant’s brief ... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2026-01-16 | Connecticut sanctions motion alleges AI-hallucinated citations in court filings | In a Connecticut Superior Court case in Danbury, plaintiff’s counsel sought sanctions alleging that defense counsel filed motions ... | Hallucination |
| 2026-01-16 | California AG orders xAI to halt Grok-generated nonconsensual sexual deepfakes and CSAM | California Attorney General Rob Bonta issued a cease-and-desist letter to xAI demanding immediate action to stop creation and dist... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2026-01-15 | US judiciary panel hears feedback on proposed Federal Rule 707 for AI-generated evidence | The U.S. Judicial Conference’s Advisory Committee on Evidence Rules held a public hearing on a proposed new Federal Rule of Eviden... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2026-01-13 | California SB 574 set for hearing on attorney and arbitrator duties when using GenAI | California legislative materials and contemporaneous reporting highlighted SB 574, a bill proposing statutory guardrails for attor... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2026-01-13 | US Senate passes DEFIANCE Act creating civil claims for sexual deepfakes | The U.S. Senate passed the DEFIANCE Act to create a federal civil right of action for people harmed by nonconsensual, sexually exp... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2026-01-09 | Woman alleges AI-generated “deepfake” texts were used as unverified evidence leading to jail | A U.S. local news investigation reported allegations that AI-generated “deepfake” text messages were used against a woman without ... | Deepfake Crime |
| 2026-01-08 | NY Unified Court System AI committee annual report proposes guardrails for AI in courts | New York’s Unified Court System publicly released an inaugural annual report from its Advisory Committee on AI and the Courts. Th... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2026-01-07 | Massachusetts SJC interim GenAI guidelines restrict judges and court staff to admin use | Massachusetts’ Supreme Judicial Court was reported as having issued interim guidelines governing generative AI use by judges and c... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2025-12-24 | FTC Settles with Rytr Over AI-Generated Fake Review Tools | The FTC finalized an enforcement action against the developer of an AI writing assistant for enabling the mass creation of fake co... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2025-12-20 | Motion alleges San Francisco judge’s order contained AI-like citation and quote errors | A San Francisco Chronicle report described a litigant’s motion alleging that a San Francisco Superior Court judge’s order containe... | Hallucination |
| 2025-12-20 | North Dakota Implements AI Anti-Stalking Law | A new state law went into effect prohibiting the use of AI-powered robots or agents to stalk or harass individuals. | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2025-12-15 | Federal judge sanctions Hagens Berman over ChatGPT-hallucinated citations | Reuters reported that U.S. District Judge Fred Slaughter (Santa Ana, California) sanctioned plaintiffs’ counsel in an OnlyFans-par... | Hallucination |
| 2025-12-15 | Federal judge sanctions Hagens Berman over ChatGPT-hallucinated citations | Reuters reported that U.S. District Judge Fred Slaughter (Santa Ana, California) sanctioned plaintiffs’ counsel in an OnlyFans-par... | Hallucination |
| 2025-12-11 | US President Signs Executive Order on AI Litigation Task Force | President Trump signed an Executive Order establishing an AI Litigation Task Force within the DOJ to challenge state-level AI laws... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2025-12-09 | ABA Issues Diligence Warning Over Errors in Judicial AI Decisions | The American Bar Association's Litigation Section highlighted a rise in errors within judicial decisions and the resulting ethical... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2025-09-24 | Puerto Rico federal judge orders $24.4k fees over AI-style bogus citations in FIFA case | A federal judge in Puerto Rico sanctioned two plaintiffs’ lawyers in an antitrust suit involving FIFA and the Puerto Rico Soccer L... | Regulatory Acti... |
| 2025-09-16 | Nevada judge offers sanctions-or-education ultimatum after ChatGPT fake citations | A Nevada state-court judge found that a filing by two defense lawyers contained at least 14 apparently fictitious case citations, ... | Hallucination |
| 2025-09-03 | LACBA newsletter ethics column warns of sanctions tied to AI-hallucinated citations | A Los Angeles County Bar Association (LACBA) ethics column authored by John W. Amberg highlighted professional-responsibility risk... | Professional Gu... |
United States
Country Intelligence Report
I. Jurisprudence
| 2026-01-02 | S.D. Ohio — OSC over fabricated citations (AI suspected) The court sustained third-party defendants’ motion to dismiss and dismissed the counterclaim/third-party complaint against them with prejudice. In reviewing the defendants’ motion practice, the court ... |
| 2026-01-21 | 7th Cir. (US) — Pro se filing with AI-like hallucinated quotations The Seventh Circuit addressed apparent “hallucinated” quotations attributed to real cases in a pro se appellant’s reply brief and discussed risks of AI-assisted drafting by self-represented litigants.... |
| 2025-11-26 | m.d. fla. (us) — suspected ai citations: fees, cle, and bar referral The court found that counsel filed a TRO motion containing fabricated cases, quotations not found in cited decisions, and authorities unrelated to the propositions asserted. The opposing party argued ... |
| 2025-05-20 | s.d. fla. (us) — ai hallucinated case: fees, cle, and fines The court found that defense counsel filed a response containing a wholly fabricated case citation that could not be located, and counsel later admitted the citation resulted from using an AI tool wit... |
| 2025-02-24 | d. wyo. (us) — mx2.law hallucinations: pro hac vice revoked and fines The court addressed motions in limine that cited numerous non-existent cases generated by an AI platform after counsel used an AI-assisted tool to insert Wyoming case law.
The court emphasized that a... |
| 2024-11-25 | edtx (us) — claude hallucinated cases: $2,000 penalty and ai cle The court considered whether plaintiff’s counsel should be sanctioned for filing a summary-judgment response containing AI-generated citations to non-existent cases and quotations that could not be fo... |
| 2025-10-27 | d. or. (us) — hallucinated citation triggers rule 11 show cause The court identified that a key authority cited to support an interim fee request was “totally fake” and described as a hallucinated case, with attributes consistent with generative AI output.
The co... |
| 2025-05-22 | utah ct app (us) — chatgpt hallucinated petition: fees, refund, donation The court addressed a petition for interlocutory appeal containing fabricated or inapposite authorities, including a hallucinated case that appeared to exist only through ChatGPT.
Counsel acknowledge... |
| 2023-06-22 | sdny (us) — chatgpt hallucinated citations sanctioned The court found that counsel filed submissions containing non-existent judicial opinions with fake quotations and citations generated by ChatGPT and then continued to stand by those authorities after ... |
| 2024-01-30 | 2d cir (us) — chatgpt fake citation referred to grievance panel The court addressed counsel’s admission that she cited a non-existent state-court decision in a reply brief after relying on ChatGPT to identify precedent.
The court stated this conduct fell below ba... |
| 2026-01-05 | S.D.N.Y. — ChatGPT logs discovery order affirmed In the consolidated OpenAI copyright litigation, the district judge denied OpenAI’s objections to two magistrate judge discovery orders requiring production of a 20 million-conversation, de-identified... |
II. Regulations
| 2026-01-21 | 7th Circuit warns pro se litigants on AI-generated filing errors Heightens practical litigation-risk management for both pro se parties and counsel by underscoring that AI-assisted drafting does not reduce duties of accuracy; supports stronger internal verification... |
| 2026-01-21 | HFAC advances AI OVERWATCH Act on advanced AI chip exports Creates near-term watch item for export-control and national security practices; if enacted, would drive advisory work on licensing, supply-chain contracting, and compliance governance for advanced AI... |
| 2026-01-08 | NIST RFI on security considerations for AI agent systems (Jan 2026) Creates a near-term opportunity for legal and advisory teams to shape emerging security expectations for agentic AI. Organizations deploying AI agents should evaluate governance, security testing, and... |
| 2026-01-06 | FDA final guidance on general wellness and low-risk devices (Jan 2026) Requires legal and advisory teams to reassess claims, labeling, and governance for AI-enabled wellness features. Can reduce regulatory burden for properly scoped wellness analytics but increases risk ... |
| 2026-01-06 | FDA final guidance on clinical decision support software (Jan 2026) Materially affects product classification and regulatory strategy for AI-enabled CDS. Advisory teams should update scoping analyses, clinician transparency materials, validation documentation, and cha... |
III. Incidents
| 2026-01-21 | 7th Circuit warns pro se litigants about AI-driven misquotes in appellate filings The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit issued an opinion addressing concerns that a self-represented appellant’s brief contained quotations that did not appear in cited decisions, which the... |
| 2026-01-16 | Connecticut sanctions motion alleges AI-hallucinated citations in court filings In a Connecticut Superior Court case in Danbury, plaintiff’s counsel sought sanctions alleging that defense counsel filed motions containing fabricated and misquoted case law linked to AI-assisted dra... |
| 2026-01-16 | California AG orders xAI to halt Grok-generated nonconsensual sexual deepfakes and CSAM California Attorney General Rob Bonta issued a cease-and-desist letter to xAI demanding immediate action to stop creation and distribution of deepfake nonconsensual intimate images and child sexual ab... |
| 2026-01-15 | US judiciary panel hears feedback on proposed Federal Rule 707 for AI-generated evidence The U.S. Judicial Conference’s Advisory Committee on Evidence Rules held a public hearing on a proposed new Federal Rule of Evidence (Rule 707) addressing machine- or AI-generated evidence offered wit... |
| 2026-01-13 | California SB 574 set for hearing on attorney and arbitrator duties when using GenAI California legislative materials and contemporaneous reporting highlighted SB 574, a bill proposing statutory guardrails for attorneys’ and arbitrators’ use of generative AI. The bill would impose dut... |
| 2026-01-13 | US Senate passes DEFIANCE Act creating civil claims for sexual deepfakes The U.S. Senate passed the DEFIANCE Act to create a federal civil right of action for people harmed by nonconsensual, sexually explicit digital forgeries (including AI-generated deepfakes). The measur... |
| 2026-01-09 | Woman alleges AI-generated “deepfake” texts were used as unverified evidence leading to jail A U.S. local news investigation reported allegations that AI-generated “deepfake” text messages were used against a woman without adequate verification, resulting in her being jailed in Florida.
The ... |
| 2026-01-08 | NY Unified Court System AI committee annual report proposes guardrails for AI in courts New York’s Unified Court System publicly released an inaugural annual report from its Advisory Committee on AI and the Courts.
The report describes existing guardrails for judges and court staff (inc... |
| 2026-01-07 | Massachusetts SJC interim GenAI guidelines restrict judges and court staff to admin use Massachusetts’ Supreme Judicial Court was reported as having issued interim guidelines governing generative AI use by judges and court personnel.
The guidance restricts GenAI to administrative tasks ... |
| 2025-12-24 | FTC Settles with Rytr Over AI-Generated Fake Review Tools The FTC finalized an enforcement action against the developer of an AI writing assistant for enabling the mass creation of fake consumer reviews. |
| 2025-12-20 | Motion alleges San Francisco judge’s order contained AI-like citation and quote errors A San Francisco Chronicle report described a litigant’s motion alleging that a San Francisco Superior Court judge’s order contained multiple legal citation and quotation problems consistent with AI-st... |
| 2025-12-20 | North Dakota Implements AI Anti-Stalking Law A new state law went into effect prohibiting the use of AI-powered robots or agents to stalk or harass individuals. |
| 2025-12-15 | Federal judge sanctions Hagens Berman over ChatGPT-hallucinated citations Reuters reported that U.S. District Judge Fred Slaughter (Santa Ana, California) sanctioned plaintiffs’ counsel in an OnlyFans-parent lawsuit for AI-related citation errors. The court imposed $13,000 ... |
| 2025-12-15 | Federal judge sanctions Hagens Berman over ChatGPT-hallucinated citations Reuters reported that U.S. District Judge Fred Slaughter (Santa Ana, California) sanctioned plaintiffs’ counsel in an OnlyFans-parent lawsuit for AI-related citation errors.
The court imposed $13,000... |
| 2025-12-11 | US President Signs Executive Order on AI Litigation Task Force President Trump signed an Executive Order establishing an AI Litigation Task Force within the DOJ to challenge state-level AI laws. |
| 2025-12-09 | ABA Issues Diligence Warning Over Errors in Judicial AI Decisions The American Bar Association's Litigation Section highlighted a rise in errors within judicial decisions and the resulting ethical duties for counsel to verify even court-issued text. |
| 2025-09-24 | Puerto Rico federal judge orders $24.4k fees over AI-style bogus citations in FIFA case A federal judge in Puerto Rico sanctioned two plaintiffs’ lawyers in an antitrust suit involving FIFA and the Puerto Rico Soccer League after filings contained at least 55 inaccurate or nonexistent le... |
| 2025-09-16 | Nevada judge offers sanctions-or-education ultimatum after ChatGPT fake citations A Nevada state-court judge found that a filing by two defense lawyers contained at least 14 apparently fictitious case citations, along with other misquoted or misrepresented authorities. After the la... |
| 2025-09-03 | LACBA newsletter ethics column warns of sanctions tied to AI-hallucinated citations A Los Angeles County Bar Association (LACBA) ethics column authored by John W. Amberg highlighted professional-responsibility risks as lawyers incorporate generative AI into drafting. The piece emphas... |